| Stage | Techniques | Description |
|---|
| Preparation of amorphous solid dispersions | Melt fusion technique | Hot melt extrusion, SCF cryogenic |
| Solvent evaporation technique | Spray drying, solvent evaporation |
| Cyclodextrin-based inclusion complex techniques | Co-evaporation, kneading, lyophilization/freeze-drying technique, microwave irradiation method |
| Others | Electrostatic spinning, electrostatic blowing, electrospraying film casting |
| Characterization of amorphous solid dispersions | Differential scanning calorimetry | Suitable to measure melting
Experimental settings are simple and easily manageable |
| Modulated differential scanning calorimetry | Complex and overlapping thermal events are differentiated
Study of phase separation, accurate quantification of amorphous phases |
| Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis | Nonsample destructive technique, viscoelastic properties of polymers are fetched by a time-efficient technique |
| Isothermal micro calorimetry | Highly sensitive, shelf life and non-destructive process |
| Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance | Non-destructive
Minimal sample manipulation
Small sample size
Simple sample preparation |
| Fourier transform infrared technique | Quantitative analysis
Applied for all states of the matter
Nondestructive and small sample size |
| Raman spectroscopy | Quantitative analysis
Nondestructive and small sample size
Not interfered with by water
Highly specific like a chemical fingerprint of a material |
| X-ray powder diffraction | Determine the crystallinity of the compound
Best method for phase analysis, non-destructive |
| Scanning electron microscopy | Three-dimensional and topographical imaging consumes less time to complete SEI, BSE and EDS analyses |
| Polarized light microscopy | Non-destructive, easy to operate and reproducible |
| AFM | It can identify the repeated lattices on crystal structure |
